Obesity & Diabetes

Christos S. Mantzoros "Obesity and Diabetes (Contemporary Diabetes)

Humana Press | English | 2006-01-25 | ISBN: 1588295389 | 574 pages | PDF | 37 MB

International experts from world-renowned medical schools comprehensively review for practicing clinicians and scientists alike the latest understanding of the epidemiology, causation, and consequences of diabetes and obesity. The authors discuss in detail their diagnosis, clinical manifestations, complications, and best practices for diagnosis and treatment. They also review the history and epidemiology of these conditions, explain their genetics and pathophysiology, and illuminate their known mechanisms and interactions. State-of-the-art survey-chapters critique current approaches (lifestyle and pharmacological) to the treatment of these conditions.


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DNA The Secret of Life

Authors: James D. Watson, Andrew Berry
Release: 2003-04-01
Format: Hardcover 464 pages
ISBN: 0375415467 (0-375-41546-7)
ISBN 13: 9780375415463 (978-0-375-41546-3)
List Price: $39.95

Description:
What makes DNA different from hordes of competitors purporting to help readers understand genetics is that it is written by none other than James Watson, of Watson and Crick fame. He and his co-author Andrew Berry have produced a clear and easygoing history of genetics, from Mendel through genome sequencing. Watson offers readers a sense of immediacy, a behind-the scenes familiarity with some of the most exciting developments in modern science. He gleefully reports on the research juggernaut that led to current obsessions with genetic engineering and cloning. Aided by profuse illustrations and photos, Watson offers an enthusiastic account of how scientists figured out how DNA codes for the creation of proteins--the so-called "central dogma" of genetics. But as patents and corporations enter the picture, Watson reveals his concern about the incursions of business into the hallowed halls of science. After 1975, DNA was no longer solely the concern of academics trying to understand the molecular underpinnings of life. The molecule moved beyond the cloisters of white-coated scientists into a very different world populated largely by men in silk ties and sharp suits. In later chapters, Watson aims barbs at those who are concerned by genetic tinkering, calling them "alarmists" who don't understand how the experiments work. It is in these arguments that Watson may lose favor with those whose notions of science were born after Silent Spring. Nevertheless, DNA encompasses both sides of the political issues involved in genetics, and Watson is an enthusiastic proponent of debate on the subject. The book accompanies a 5-part PBS series. --Therese Littleton

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Drinking Water and Infectious Disease

Release: 2002-07-30
Format: Hardcover 256 pages
ISBN: 0849312590 (0-8493-1259-0)
ISBN 13: 9780849312595 (978-0-8493-1259-5)
List Price: $185.95

Description:
There still exists considerable uncertainty in many countries about the contribution of drinking water to sporadic cases of disease. The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), in cooperation with the World Health Organization (WHO), led the Workshop on Molecular Technologies for Safe Drinking Water in 1998 to address the role of water in the transmission of infectious disease. One of the results was a call for improved surveillance and outbreak investigation. Drinking Water and Infectious Disease: Establishing the Links, derived from an OECD workshop hosted by the UK government in Basingstoke, addresses that crucial recommendation.Unlike books that give a broad view on the public health issues regarding water and health, this book focuses on the tools available to identify the links between drinking water and infectious disease and how they might be used. It gathers state-of-the-art information from an international team of experts, including most of the world's leading authorities on waterborne disease epidemiology and investigation, to provide an overview of current best practices and direction for assessing the safety of drinking water and responding to adverse events.Organized into three sections, this user-friendly text is the only book to put forward clear guidance on the surveillance for and investigation of waterborne infectious disease at the local, national, and international levels. Based on an OECD international meeting, each section is introduced by the relevant session chairs, and includes research approaches using models and innovative field experiences to provide a wide selection of ideas for others to field test or modify. Researchers will be able to use this information not only to study the epidemiology of infectious diseases, but also to investigate and prevent waterborne diseases. Drinking Water and Infectious Disease is a landmark text in both the field of waterborne disease and more generally in infectious disease epidemiology.


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Fruit and Vegetables Harvesting, Handling and Storage

Authors: Keith Thompson
Release: 2003-11-14
Format: Hardcover 480 pages
ISBN: 1405106190 (1-4051-0619-0)
ISBN 13: 9781405106191 (978-1-4051-0619-1)
List Price: $259.99

Description:
The second edition of this very well-received book, which in its first edition was entitled Postharvest Technology of Fruits and Vegetables, has been welcomed by the community of postharvest physiologists and technologists who found the first edition of such great use. The book covers, in comprehensive detail, postharvest physiology as it applies to postharvest quality, technology relating to maturity determination, harvesting, packaging, postharvest treatments, controlled atmosphere storage, ripening and transportation on a very wide international range of fruits and vegetables. The new edition of this definitive work, which contains many full colour photographs, provides key practical and commercially-oriented information of great use in helping to ensure that fruit and vegetables reach the retailer in optimum condition, with the minimum of loss and spoilage.Fruits and vegetables, 2nd edition is essential reading forfruit and vegetable technologists, food scientists and food technologists, agricultural scientists, commercial growers, shippers and warehousing operatives and personnel within packaging companies. Researchers and upper level students in food science, food technology, plant and agricultural sciences will find a great deal of use within this landmark book. All libraries in research establishments and universities where these subjects are studied and taught should have copies readily available for users.A. K. Thompson was formerly Professor and head of Postharvest Technology, Silsoe College, UK.

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Lowering Your Cholesterol

High blood cholesterol can affect anyone. It’s a serious condition that increases the risk for heart disease, the number one killer of Americans—women and men. The higher your blood cholesterol level, the greater your risk.

Fortunately, if you have high blood cholesterol, there are steps you can take to lower it and protect your health. This booklet will show you how to take action by following the “TLC Program” for reducing high blood cholesterol. TLC stands for Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes, a three-part program that uses diet, physical activity, and weight management. Sometimes, drug treatment also is needed to lower blood cholesterol enough. But even then, the TLC Program should be followed.

The booklet has four main sections: It explains why cholesterol matters and helps you find your heart disease risk; describes the TLC Program; talks about a condition called the metabolic syndrome that can also be treated with TLC; and offers advice on how to make heart healthy lifestyle changes. Within the sections you’ll find tips on such topics as how to: communicate better with your doctor and other health care professionals, read food labels, make and stick with lifestyle changes, plan hear healthy menus for the whole family, and make heart healthy choices when you eat out.

Anyone can develop high blood cholesterol—everyone can take steps to lower it.

Contents
Introduction
Why Cholesterol Matters

* What Affects Cholesterol Levels?
* Knowing Your Cholesterol Level
* Setting Your Goal

Treating High LDL Cholesterol

* The TLC Diet: A Heart Healthy Eating Plan
* Foods To Choose for TLC
* Becoming Physically Active
* Maintaining a Healthy Weight
* Sample Menus for TLC

The Metabolic Syndrome—A Special Concern
Learning to Live the TLC Way

* Keeping Track of Your Changes
* Be Smart When You Start
* Reward YourselfMaking TLC a Family Affair

A Final Note
To Learn More

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Your Guide to a Healthy Prostate

No one expects or wants to get caught with prostate disease. But the truth is that if you live long enough, it's almost certain that you will suffer from some form of prostate disease. For instance did you know that …

Prostate enlargement can be found in up to 50 % of men over 60 and 82 % of men in their 70s. This natural and common process leads to enlargement of the prostate over time and may affect bladder emptying in some men, as the enlarged prostate squeezes the urethra and makes the passing of urine difficult.

Prostatitis a condition that causes burning during urination or pain in the pelvic region can affect men at any age and does not respond well to conventional treatments. The treatment for this condition which is antibiotics is effective in less then 30% of cases.

Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy or BPH is a swelling of the prostate. This condition can wreak havoc in your life and disrupt your sex life. This condition also causes trouble with urination.

Prostate Cancer in Australia will affect 1 in 11 men by the age 75. Over 11,200 men are diagnosed with prostate cancer each year, making it the second most common cause of cancer death in Australian men.

These figures aren't etched in stone. The average man can reduce his chances of developing prostate problems with some simple, com-mon-sense steps. But you must also try to act preventively and look-out for health problems before they strike.

Contents
1. An Overview of the Prostate Problem
2. You and Your Prostate
3. Prostate Disease
4. Your Diet and your Prostate
5. Natural Herbal help for your Prostate
6. Exercise your way to a healthy Prostate
7. Dental health and your Prostate
8. Impotence and your sex life
9. Stress and your Prostate
10. Prostate Action Guide

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Health Psychology Ebook

Health psychology is a relatively recent yet fast- growing sub-discipline of psychology. It is best understood by answering the following questions:

* What causes illness and who is responsible for it?
* How should illness be treated and who is responsible for treatment?
* What is the relationship between health and illness, and between the mind and body?
* What is the role of psychology in health and illness?

Human beings are complex systems and illness can be caused by a multitude of factors, not just a single factor such as a virus or bacterium. Health psychology attempts to move away from a simple linear model of health and looks at the combination of factors involved in illness – biological (e.g. a virus), psychological (e.g. behaviours, beliefs) and social (e.g. employment). This reflects the biopsychosocial model of health and illness that was developed by Engel (1977,1980). Because, in this model, illness is regarded as the result of a combination of factors, the individual is no longer simply seen as a passive victim of some external force, such as a virus. Acknowledging the role of behaviours such as smoking, diet and alcohol, for example, means that the individual may be held responsible for their health and illness.

According to health psychology, the whole person should be treated, not just the physical changes that occur due to ill health. This can include behaviour change, encouraging changes in beliefs and coping strategies, and compliance with medical recommendations. Because thepartly responsible for their treatment. For example, she may have a responsibility to take medication, and to change beliefs and behaviour. No longer is the patient seen as a victim.

From this perspective, health and illness exist on a continuum. Rather than being either healthy or ill, individuals progress along a continuum from healthiness to illness and back again. Health psychology also maintains that the mind and body interact. It sees psychological factors as not only possible consequences of illness (after all, being ill can be depressing), but as contributing to all the stages of health, from full healthiness to illness.

Contents
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
INTRODUCTION
HEALTH BELIEFS AND BEHAVIOURS

Behaviour and mortality
The role of health beliefs
Integrated models

ILLNESS BELIEFS

The dimensions of illness beliefs
A model of illness behaviour
Health professionals’ beliefs

THE STRESS–ILLNESS LINK

Stress models
Does stress cause illness?
CHRONIC ILLNESS
Profile of an illness
Psychology’s role

FINAL THOUGHTS
SUMMARY
REVISION QUESTIONS
FURTHER READING

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Diet and Nutrition

This report presents the findings of a consultation exercise of diet and nutrition of older adults, aged 50 years and over, living within the North Staffordshire area. The consultation was carried out between August and October 2001.

The aim of the report is to identify and highlight the comments and views of older people in North Staffordshire on food, shopping and consumption in order to develop a practical strategy for the effective promotion of dietary change for older people on the basis of people’s perspective.

From the recommendations and practical strategy/s put forward, a development of partnerships with older people and relevant agencies will be implemented in order to effect change.

The consultation forms part of the Beth Johnson Foundation’s ongoing health promotion work.

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5 Secrets For Weight Loss Success

First of all, a few words about me. I used to be much heavier than I am now and this is how I used to look on the left - on the right was me a few weeks ago. I have since lost even more weight.

Some of my friends say I am half the man I used to be! I have been overweight since I was 7 years old. I have been overweight since I was 7 years old. And I have constantly tried losing weight ever since. Over the years I tried just about everything. Now, I cannot say I have really tried everything - for example I have not tried extract of Himalayan Flame-tree (or maybe I have under a different name!): but if I did it did not work, so I do not remember it.


I do not think there is much point in going over what did not work, listing quick weight loss programs where I lost weight and put it back on as quickly as I lost it, or all the starvation techniques, or exercise programs I treid and failed with over 40 years and more. The secrets I give away here are all part of what has worked for me - not only to lose weight (which i have done many times before) but also to keep it off, which is far harder. And, more importantly, I have done so without any risks to my health - which is paramount to me, since I am a Type 2 Diabetic! FREE details of my experience living with diabetes can be found on a different.

If this is an issue that affects you, be sure to visit the site. At the same time, I have spent over 30 years of daily work on techniques and disciplines for self-transformation and growth. These inner disciplines are what has enabled me to succeed in the end, though it has been quite a battle at times, believe me! Just ask yourself this: do you want to change your life entirely? You can, and I will help you, free of charge. But I will only tell you how to do it. You have to decide what to change, and why.

My freedom of choice is of over-riding importance to me, so I respect your freedom to choose likewise. To help you to be free to choose to do anything at all, you may also be interested in my money-making opportunity. In the following pages you can find links to all these websites, where you can find out more about what I talk about here. Please feel free to visit any of them at any time, under no obligation at all.

Contents
Introduction - About me.
Secret 1 Eating all the foods you want and still keep losing weight.
Secret 2 Safe & affordable exercise.
Secret 3 Healthy low-calorie snacking.
Secret 4 Healthy eating out in food-courts and restaurants
Secret 5 Balanced nutrition & weight control.
Bonus Further Little Secrets.

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High Blood Pressure

High blood pressure, also called hypertension, is, simply, elevated pressure of the blood in the arteries. Hypertension results from two major factors, which can be present independently or together:

• The heart pumps blood with excessive force.
• The body's smaller blood vessels (known as the arterioles) narrow, so that blood flow exerts more pressure against the vessels' walls.

Although the body can tolerate increased blood pressure for months and even years, eventually the heart may enlarge (a condition called hypertrophy), which is a major factor in heart failure. Such pressure can also injure blood vessels in the heart, kidneys, the brain, and the eyes.

Two numbers are used to describe blood pressure: the systolic pressure (the higher and first number) and the diastolic pressure (the lower and second number). Health dangers from blood pressure may vary among different age groups and depending on whether systolic or diastolic pressure (or both) is elevated. A third measurement, pulse pressure, is becoming important as an indicator of severity.

Blood pressure is measured in millimeters of mercury (mm Hg). For example, excellent blood pressure would be less than 120/80 mm Hg (systolic/diastolic). Blood pressure is now categorized as optimal, normal, high normal, and hypertensive. The hypertensive category is further divided, according to severity. [See Table Blood Pressure and Its Treatments.]

American expert groups recommend that any blood pressure above normal should be treated. Some experts are concerned, however, that such guidelines may unnecessarily increase the use of anti?hypertensive drugs.

Systolic Blood Pressure. The systolic pressure (the first and higher number) is the force that blood exerts on the artery walls as the heart contracts to pump out the blood. High systolic pressure is now known to be a greater risk factor than diastolic pressure for heart, kidney, and circulatory complications and for death, particularly in middle?aged and elderly adults. The wider the spread between the systolic and diastolic measurements, the greater the danger.

In fact, elevated systolic pressure may pose a significant danger for heart events and stroke events even when diastolic is normal ?? a condition called isolated systolic hypertension. Isolated systolic hypertension is the most common form of hypertension in people older than fifty. In one study it comprised 87% of hypertension cases in people between ages 50 and 59.

Diastolic Blood Pressure. The diastolic pressure (the lower and second number) is the measurement of force as the heart relaxes to allow the blood to flow into the heart. High diastolic pressure (the second and lower number) is a strong predictor of heart attack and stroke in young adults. [See Hypertension Categories, below.]

Pulse Pressure. Pulse pressure is the difference between the systolic and the diastolic readings. It appears to be an indicator of stiffness and inflammation in the blood?vessel walls. The greater the difference between systolic and diastolic numbers, the stiffer and more injured the vessels are thought to be. Although not yet used by physicians to determine treatment, evidence is suggesting that it may prove to be a strong predictor of heart problems, particularly in older adults. Some studies suggest that in people over 45 years old, every 10?mm Hg increase in pulse pressure increases the risk for stroke increases by 11%, cardiovascular disease by 10%, and overall mortality by 16%. (In
younger adults the risks are even higher.)

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Exercise, Obesity, and Weight Control

It is ironic that while millions of people are dying of starvation each year in most parts of the world, many Americans are dying as an indirect result of an overabundance of food. Further, billions of dollars are spent each year overfeeding the American public, which then leads to the spending of billions of dollars more each year on various weight loss methods. This review will investigate various aspects of overweight and obesity, and show how they are affected by physical activity. But first, we must define and differentiate between the terms overweight and obesity.

The terms overweight and obesity are often used interchangeably, but this is technically incorrect as they have different meanings. Overweight is defined as a body weight that exceeds the normal or standard weight for a particular person, based on his or her height and frame size. These standards are established solely on the basis of population averages. It is quite possible to be overweight according to these standard tables and yet have a body fat content that is average or even below average. For example, almost all college and professional football players are overweight by these tables, but few are overfat. There are also people who are within the normal range of body weights for their height and frame size by the standard tables, but who have, in fact, excessive body fat.

Obesity is the condition in which the individual has an excessive amount of body fat. This means that the actual amount of body fat, or its percentage of a person’s total weight, must be assessed or estimated. A number of laboratory and field assessment techniques can provide reasonably accurate estimates of a person’s body composition. xact standards for allowable fat percentages, however, have not been established. But there is general agreement among clinicians and scientists that men over 25% body fat and women over 35% should be considered obese, and that relative fat values of 20% to 25% in men and 30% to 35% in women should be considered borderline obese.

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How To Maintain Your Perfect Weight, Health & Still Eat Your Favorite Foods

How many times have you lost weight and gained the weight right back after a couple of weeks? It can be a little discouraging to gain the weight after all your hard work and dedication. We tend to go back to eating our favorite foods and completely stop exercising. Well, this report will give you a solution on balancing your food intake and minimal exercise to maintain your perfect weight and health and still eat your favorite foods.

Eat variety of foods to minimize repeated exposure to food toxins, sprays, etc. All foods are handled differently in different parts of the country. (See Natural Foods List Below) If you eat conventional fruits and vegetables, be extra cautious on what you put into your body, repeatedly.

Conventional foods contain pesticides and other chemicals. It is always best to eat organic foods which are grown naturally without any chemicals. Eat organic foods if you can. Certain foods are laced with dangerous pesticides. Wash all fresh foods thoroughly especially melons, as there have been several cases of salmonella poisoning found from cutting into the melons before washing them. Grow your own if possible. When selecting organic foods at your local grocery store look for the “organic” label on each produce in the organic section. Conventional produce can be larger and look better than organic produce. Organic foods are somewhat expensive, however, it is better to pay now than later on the operating table.

Eat more fiber to speed dangerous toxins through the intestinal tract and to bind and neutralize them before they can do any harm. Fiber should be part of every meal. It is found in whole grains, beans, legumes, vegetables, and fruits. Processed foods lack fiber, be sure and add fresh food to every meal. Fiber also cuts down on food reactions and blood sugar fluctuations, in addition to preventing constipation.

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Relationship Between Weight Loss and Body Image

Obesity is a serious health problemworldwide. In the United States, the number of obese people (defined as BMI>30) has reached epidemic proportions, affecting approximately one-quarter of the American population. The prevalence of obesity is increasing worldwide, and the percentage of people who are overweight has steeply risen more than 30% since 1980 (Bray, 1998). Data fromthe National Center for Health Statistics indicate an uneven distribution of obesity, with African-American and Mexican-American females most affected (Flegal, Carroll, & Kucfzmarski, 1998). Children and adolescents are not immune to this epidemic. Data suggest that over 20% of children are currently overweight, and 30% of these individuals become obese adults later in life.

Excess weight increases the risk of serious medical consequences such as hypertension, diabetes, coronary heart disease, and some forms of cancer. It has been argued that the “preponderance of evidence suggests that even mild overweight is probably associated with some increase in mortality risk" (Solomon, Willett, & Manson, 1995). In addition to the tremendous health risks, the financial cost of obesity is staggering. Obesity-related problems are estimated to cost the United States 39.3 billion dollars annually (Colditz,
1998). Given this backdrop, it is not surprising that the study of obesity has received an increasing amount of attention fromlocal and federal policy-makers, health care professionals, and researchers.

Despite the well-established relationship between medical risks and obesity, the relationship between psychological functioning and obesity remains less clear. Common beliefs implicating psychological distress as a contributing factor in the development of obesity has not been well supported by research (Hill & Williams, 1998). Several large- scale studies, each involving at least 500 subjects, found no consistent evidence to support the claimthat severely obese persons show higher levels of psychopathology than normal-weight controls (Moore, Standard, & Srole, 1996; Silverstone, 1968; Hallstrom& Noppa, 1982; Kittel, Rustin, Dramaix, DeBacker, & Kornitzer, 1978; Hill & Williams, 1998; Stunkard &Wadden, 1992). Wadden, et al. (2001) contend that a substantial minority of extremely obese patients seeking bariatric surgery present with significant emotional complications.

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Brachytherapy for The Treatment of Prostate Cancer

Brachytherapy is the implantation of radioactive sources in or near tumours. When used in the treatment of prostate cancer, radioisotopes are inserted directly into the prostate gland guided by a transrectal ultrasound probe as a single day-patient or overnight stay procedure. The radioactive sources have a localised effect and, when the placement and dosage are planned appropriately, destroy tumour cells of the prostate gland without significantly irradiating adjacent normal tissue. The total radiation dose is about twice that from conventional external beam radiotherapy (EBRT), and about 50 per cent higher in terms of biological equivalence.

There are two types of prostate brachytherapy permanent implants (using small iodine 125 (I 125) or palladium 103 (Pd 103) seeds) and temporary implants (using iridium 192 wires via temporary catheters). Only permanent implants using I 125 are the subject of this application. Palladium implants are not currently available in Australia.

Brachytherapy has been proposed to offer a more efficient treatment (shorter treatment, in-hospital and recovery time) for localised prostate cancer with the additional advantages of limiting the side-effects to adjacent tissues that occur with EBRT and the surgical risks associated with radical prostatectomy (RP). However, the procedure may be associated with short- and long-term complications.

Contents
Executive summary
Introduction
Background
The procedure

Intended purpose
Clinical need/burden of disease
Existing procedures
Comparators
Marketing status of the device/technology
Current reimbursement arrangement

Approach to assessment

Review of literature
Expert advice

Results of assessment

Is it safe?
Is it effective?
What are the economic considerations?

Conclusions

Safety
Effectiveness
Cost-effectiveness

Recommendation
Appendix A MSAC terms of reference and membership
Appendix B Advisory Panel
Appendix C Studies included in the review
Appendix D Defining the Clinical Question
Appendix E Estimated costs of brachytherapy treatment - translated from the United Kingdom and direct Australian estimates
Abbreviations
References.

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